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Fast Frequency Response Concepts and Bulk Power System Reliability Needs
The whitepaper, Fast Frequency Response Concepts and Bulk Power System Reliability Needs, discusses factors determining rate of change of frequency, fast frequency response concepts, and critical inertia. This whitepaper was published in March 2020 by the Inverter-Based Resources ...
National American Electric Reliability Corporation
Dec 31, 2019
Reliability Primer
This primer provides an overview of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s (FERC’s) role in overseeing the reliable operation of the nation’s bulk power system, i.e., the interconnected electric grid. In order to understand FERC’s reliability program, it is useful to f...
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Apr 22, 2020
IEEE 1457-2018 Workshops
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standard 1547-2018 (IEEE Std 1547-2018) workshop series is part of NREL's efforts to provide guidance and clarity for local authorities that are adopting, developing, and maintaining rules around integrating DERs such as solar,...
Narang, D. et al NLR
Mar 30, 2026
3 Resources
3 Resources
Informative Background on the Interoperability Requirements in IEEE Std 1547-2018
This NREL report summarizes the interoperability requirements in the revised Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standard 1547-2018 (IEEE Std 1547-2018). Additionally, the report provides context and related background concepts for applying advanced interoperability ...
Ingram, M. et al NLR
Jun 30, 2021
HEM: Holistic Electricity Model
HEM is a holistic electricity system model developed by NREL that integrates multiple modules to simulate generation, transmission, distribution, and market operations. It allows researchers to evaluate the impacts of policy changes, technology costs, and system constraints on gri...
NLR
Apr 20, 2025
Distribution System Infographic
Produced by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, this infographic visually explains the major components of an electric distribution system from substations and feeder lines to transformers, switches, and customer meters. It shows how electricity is routed from the transmission ...
Initiative, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Dec 31, 2025
Regional Energy Deployment System
ReEDS is NREL's flagship capacity expansion model that simulates deployment of generation and transmission infrastructure across the continental United States. It incorporates resource availability, technology costs, policy constraints, and transmission limitations to project leas...
NLR
Apr 20, 2025
OpenDSS
OpenDSS (the Open Distribution System Simulator) is a comprehensive, open‑source simulation tool originally developed by EPRI for modeling electric utility distribution systems. It supports steady‑state and time‑series power flow analysis on unbalanced, three‑phase network...
Electric Power Research Institute
Dec 31, 2024
Coupled Transmission and Distribution Simulations To Assess Distributed Energy Resource To Power System Faults
This resource describes a methodology that couples transmission and distribution system simulations to assess how distributed energy resources (DER) affect power-system fault responses. By linking detailed distribution models with bulk power system models, researchers can evaluate...
Kenyon, R. et al University of Colorado Boulder
Nov 30, 2020
Performance Evaluation of Peer-to-Peer Distributed Microgrids Coordination for Voltage Regulation
This paper presents the performance evaluation of a peer-to-peer microgrids coordination algorithm for sub-transmission systems. As distributed energy resources (DERs) in distribution system start to show negative impact to the bulk power system, a paradigm shift is needed for tra...
Gan, H. et al NLR
Dec 31, 2021
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