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An Overview of Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Interconnection: Current Practices and Emerging Solutions
This guidebook provides an overview of key issues for utilities and utility regulators to consider as deployments of distributed energy resources (DER) increase, including what has been tried in the field and emerging good practices. Topics covered include: Interconnection Applica...
Horowitz, K. et al NLR
Mar 31, 2019
Private, State, and Federal Funding and Financing Options to Enable Resilient, Affordable, and Clean Microgrids
This joint report by NARUC and the National Association of State Energy Officials compiles funding and financing mechanisms available to support microgrid projects. It describes federal grants and loan programs, state incentives, and private-sector financing models such as third-p...
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, N.
Dec 31, 2020
An Overview of Behind-The-Meter Solar-Plus-Storage Regulatory Design: Approaches and Case Studies to Inform International Applications
This NREL overview examines regulatory designs for behind-the-meter solar-plus-storage installations, focusing on how policies, incentives, and market structures influence deployment. It summarizes approaches used in several jurisdictions, analyzes tariff structures, net metering ...
Zinaman, O. et al NLR
Feb 29, 2020
Investigating Multi-Microgrid Black Start Methods Using Grid-Forming Inverters
This paper examines state-of-the-art microgrid (MG) black-start technologies with grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBRs) and proposes black start and interconnection methods for 100% inverter-based MGs. A multiple-MG approach is proposed and compared to the existing me...
Fix, E. et al Siemens
Dec 31, 2022
Test of a 250 kVA Battery-Inverter System Micro-Grid: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-11-460
Portland General Electric (PGE) is installing a 5-megawatt (MW) lithium-ion-based battery-inverter system (BIS) in Salem, Oregon, as part of the Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration Project. NREL will assist PGE in testing a 250-kilovolt-ampere (kVA) portion of the BIS in or...
Kramer, W. et al NLR
Nov 30, 2013
Energy-Water Microgrid Opportunity Analysis at the University of Arizona's Biosphere 2 Facility
Microgrids provide reliable and cost-effective energy services in a variety of conditions and locations. There has been minimal effort invested in developing energy-water microgrids that demonstrate the feasibility and leverage synergies of operating renewable energy and water sys...
Daw, J. et al NLR
Apr 30, 2018
A Comparative Study of DC and AC Microgrids in Commercial Buildings Across Different Climates and Operating Profiles: Preprint
Bosch has developed and demonstrated a novel DC microgrid system designed to maximize utilization efficiency for locally generated photovoltaic energy while offering high reliability, safety, redundancy, and reduced cost compared to equivalent AC systems. Several demonstration pro...
Fregosi, D. et al Robert Bosch LLC
Mar 31, 2015
GMLC Survey of Distributed Energy Resource Interconnection and Interoperability Standards
This document reports on the Grid Modernization Laboratory Consortium effort to identify gaps in standards for the interconnection and interoperability of distributed energy resources (DERs). The project extended a 3-year period from 2017 to 2019. Under the work plan, the team ide...
Narang, D. et al NLR
Feb 28, 2021
Design of Zone-Based Hierarchical Protection System for 100% Renewable Microgrids: Preprint
Design of a reliable and secure protection system for a 100% renewable microgrid with only inverter-based resources (IBRs), is quite challenging. Most of the existing protection schemes in the state-of-the-art are suitable for microgrids with mixed-type of distributed energy resou...
Chakraborty, S. and Wang, J. NLR
May 31, 2024
Distributed Renewables for Arctic Energy: A Case Study
Alaska is a vast state that stretches into the Arctic Circle. Roughly 140,000 people in the state are dependent on isolated electric grids, traditionally burning expensive fossil fuels. This has negative impacts on air quality and climate. As the climate warms, fuel supply chains ...
Anderson, B. et al NLR
Dec 31, 2022
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