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Impacts of Dispatch Strategies and Forecast Errors on the Economics of Behind-the-Meter PV-Battery Systems
To assess the economic value of batteries in hybrid PV-battery systems, one must create a dispatch profile for the battery. Many analyses of battery value assume perfect forecasts of PV generation and load, determining an upper limit on the value of the battery. Prior work that ac...
Mirletz, B. and Laws, N. NLR
Dec 31, 2022
Roadmap for Photovoltaic Cyber Security
Cyber-secure, resilient energy is paramount to the prosperity of the United States. As the experience and sophistication of cyber adversaries grow, so too must the US power system’s defenses, situational awareness, and response and recovery strategies. Traditionally, power syste...
Johnson, J. Sandia National Laboratories
Nov 30, 2017
NREL and SDGandE Collaboration to Support SDGandE Grid and Storage Efforts: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number: CRD-14-562
This project will enable effective utilization of high penetration of photovoltaics (PV) in islanded microgrids, increasing overall system efficiency, decreased fuel costs and resiliency of the overall system to help meet the SunShot goals of enhancing system integration methods t...
Baggu, M. NLR
Dec 31, 2016
U.S. Solar Photovoltaic BESS System Cost Benchmark Q1 2020 Report (Data File)
NREL has been modeling U.S. solar photovoltaic (PV) system costs since 2009. This year, our report benchmarks costs of U.S. PV for residential, commercial, and utility-scale systems, with and without storage, built in the first quarter of 2020 (Q1 2020). The methodology includes b...
Feldman, D. et al NLR
Jan 20, 2025
High-Penetration Photovoltaic Integration Handbook for Distribution Engineers
This handbook, produced by NREL, offers practical guidance for distribution engineers facing high penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems on their networks. It addresses technical challenges such as voltage regulation, protection coordination, reverse power flow, and transformer ...
Seguin, R. et al NLR
Dec 31, 2015
Preventing and Mitigating Flood Damage to Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Like impacts from other weather and environmental forces (e.g., hail, wind, snow, wildfires), flood damage can often be prevented or at least mitigated through simple, no to low--cost measures. The following technical recommendations can be added to project specification requireme...
Program, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Dec 31, 2025
The Impact of Short-term Stochastic Variability in Solar Irradiance on Optimal Microgrid Design
This paper proposes a new methodology to capture the impact of fast moving clouds on utility power demand charges observed in microgrids with photovoltaic (PV) arrays, generators, and electrochemical energy storage. It consists of a statistical approach to introduce sub-hourly eve...
Schittekatte, T. et al University of Madrid
May 02, 2018
Technical Specifications for On-site Solar Photovoltaic Systems
This FEMP resource offers detailed technical specifications for the procurement and installation of on-site solar photovoltaic systems. It covers performance requirements, design standards, component quality, safety criteria, and integration with existing electrical infrastructure...
Program, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Dec 31, 2025
Resilience and Economics of Microgrids with PV, Battery Storage, and Networked Diesel Generators
Current designs and assessments of microgrids have ignored component reliability, leading to significant errors in predicting a microgrid's performance while islanded. Existing life cycle cost studies on hybrid microgrids—which combine photovoltaics (PV), battery storage and net...
Marqusee, J. et al NLR
Dec 31, 2020
Design and Scheduling of Microgrids using Benders Decomposition
The distribution feeder laterals in a distribution feeder with relatively high PV generation as compared to the load can be operated as microgrids to achieve reliability, power quality and economic benefits. However, renewable resources are intermittent and stochastic in nature. A...
Nagarajan, A. and Ayyanar, R. NLR
Dec 31, 2015
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