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High-Penetration Photovoltaic Integration Handbook for Distribution Engineers
This handbook, produced by NREL, offers practical guidance for distribution engineers facing high penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems on their networks. It addresses technical challenges such as voltage regulation, protection coordination, reverse power flow, and transformer ...
Seguin, R. et al NLR
Dec 31, 2015
Preventing and Mitigating Flood Damage to Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Like impacts from other weather and environmental forces (e.g., hail, wind, snow, wildfires), flood damage can often be prevented or at least mitigated through simple, no to low--cost measures. The following technical recommendations can be added to project specification requireme...
Program, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Dec 31, 2025
The Impact of Short-term Stochastic Variability in Solar Irradiance on Optimal Microgrid Design
This paper proposes a new methodology to capture the impact of fast moving clouds on utility power demand charges observed in microgrids with photovoltaic (PV) arrays, generators, and electrochemical energy storage. It consists of a statistical approach to introduce sub-hourly eve...
Schittekatte, T. et al University of Madrid
May 02, 2018
Technical Specifications for On-site Solar Photovoltaic Systems
This FEMP resource offers detailed technical specifications for the procurement and installation of on-site solar photovoltaic systems. It covers performance requirements, design standards, component quality, safety criteria, and integration with existing electrical infrastructure...
Program, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Dec 31, 2025
Design and Scheduling of Microgrids using Benders Decomposition
The distribution feeder laterals in a distribution feeder with relatively high PV generation as compared to the load can be operated as microgrids to achieve reliability, power quality and economic benefits. However, renewable resources are intermittent and stochastic in nature. A...
Nagarajan, A. and Ayyanar, R. NLR
Dec 31, 2015
Clean Energy Microgrids: Considerations for State Energy Offices and Public Utility Commissions to Increase Resilience, Reduce Emissions, and Improve Affordability
This FEMP guide outlines techniques to mitigate hail damage to solar PV installations. It covers risk assessment, module selection with hail-resistant ratings, array tilt considerations, mounting structures, protective covers, and insurance considerations. The resource aims to hel...
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners and National Association of State Energy Officials
Apr 30, 2023
Use of Traveling Wave Signatures in Medium-Voltage Distribution Systems for Fault Detection and Location
Protection systems are a critical feature for the proper operation of a power grid. Protection systems should be able to quickly detect, identify, locate, and isolate the faults within a time frame that prevents damage to grid components and reduces customer outages. As more inver...
Prabakar, K. et al NLR
Jul 31, 2021
MiGRIDS-lite
MiGRIDS lite is a lightweight version of the Microgrid Design and Impact Simulator (MiGRIDS) developed by the Alaska Center for Energy and Power. It provides code and sample data for modeling load profiles, renewable resource availability, and levelized cost of energy for microgri...
Bond, B. et al Alaska Center for Energy and Power
Mar 09, 2026
Resilience Hubs: Creating a Resilience Hub and Spoke Network
Outlines siting and design considerations for Resilience Hubs, including roof condition and PV suitability, storage needs, accessibility, flood risk, and space for pets/children. Lists essential services (e.g., power, charging, refrigeration, potable water) and basic operational r...
Network, D. Urban Sustainability Directors Network
Dec 31, 2023
NREL's PVWatts Calculator
PVWatts is an easy to use calculator from NREL that estimates the annual energy output and levelized cost of electricity for a grid connected photovoltaic system based on system size, location, array tilt, and basic performance assumptions. It uses National Solar Radiation Databas...
NLR
Dec 31, 2024
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