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Design of Zone-Based Hierarchical Protection System for 100% Renewable Microgrids: Preprint
Design of a reliable and secure protection system for a 100% renewable microgrid with only inverter-based resources (IBRs), is quite challenging. Most of the existing protection schemes in the state-of-the-art are suitable for microgrids with mixed-type of distributed energy resou...
Chakraborty, S. and Wang, J. NLR
May 31, 2024
Hierarchical Data-Driven Protection for Microgrid with 100% Renewable Penetration: Preprint
The accurate detection and isolation of faults is critical for the reliable operation of microgrids (MGs). Traditional protection approaches are even more challenged for 100% renewable MGs because inverter-based resources (IBRs) are the only sources for fault current which are usu...
Zamzam, A. and Wang, J. NLR
Oct 31, 2023
Background Information on the Protection Requirements in IEEE Std 1547-2018
This resource offers explanatory background on the protection requirements outlined in IEEE Std 1547-2018, the standard governing interconnection of distributed energy resources (DER). It discusses the rationale behind protective device settings, fault detection, anti-islanding re...
Mahmud, R. and Ingram, M. NLR
Dec 31, 2021
Decentralized Microgrid Protection Through Relative Fault Direction Classification: Preprint
Protection in inverter-based resources (IBRs) dominated microgrids generally face significant challenges due to the low fault current and inconsistent fault behaviors from IBRs. Recently, machine learning-based approaches have attracted considerable attention to address these chal...
Chen, Y. et al NLR
Aug 31, 2024
A Primer on the Unintentional Islanding Protection Requirement in IEEE Std 1547-2018
This primer provides an accessible explanation of the unintentional islanding protection provisions in IEEE Std 1547-2018. It describes why preventing unintentional islanding is critical, outlines testing and detection methods, and clarifies performance requirements for distribute...
Narang, D. et al NLR
Mar 31, 2022
Energy Resources for State, Local, and Tribal Governments
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's portal for state, local, and tribal governments provides a curated collection of resources to support energy efficiency and renewable energy initiatives. It includes guidance documents, case studies, and calculators on topics such as sust...
Environmental Protection Agency
Jun 24, 2025
Use of Traveling Wave Signatures in Medium-Voltage Distribution Systems for Fault Detection and Location
Protection systems are a critical feature for the proper operation of a power grid. Protection systems should be able to quickly detect, identify, locate, and isolate the faults within a time frame that prevents damage to grid components and reduces customer outages. As more inver...
Prabakar, K. et al NLR
Jul 31, 2021
High-Frequency Signature-Based Fault Detection for Future MV Distribution Grids: Preprint
Increased deployment of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and microgrids are significantly changing the operation of distribution grid. Increasing penetration of power electronics based DERs also raise several operational problems such as protection coordination issues, voltage ...
Velaga, Y. et al NLR
Jun 30, 2020
Coupled Transmission and Distribution Simulations To Assess Distributed Energy Resource To Power System Faults
This resource describes a methodology that couples transmission and distribution system simulations to assess how distributed energy resources (DER) affect power-system fault responses. By linking detailed distribution models with bulk power system models, researchers can evaluate...
Kenyon, R. et al University of Colorado Boulder
Nov 30, 2020
Distribution System Infographic
Produced by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, this infographic visually explains the major components of an electric distribution system from substations and feeder lines to transformers, switches, and customer meters. It shows how electricity is routed from the transmission ...
Initiative, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Dec 31, 2025
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