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Solar Photovoltaics in Severe Weather: Cost Considerations for Storm Hardening PV Systems for Resilience
Solar photovoltaic (PV) power has many advantages as a resilient power source, including the ability to provide power after a natural disaster. While solar arrays often survive severe weather events, systems are occasionally compromised and left unable to provide power. For PV sy...
Elsworth, J. and Van Geet, O. NLR
May 31, 2020
Supply Chain Cybersecurity Recommendations for Solar Photovoltaics
Solar photovoltaic (PV) cybersecurity is a growing field of research. As deployments of solar PV has increased, cyber risk has also increased. However, utility solar PV installations are not required to comply with North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Critical In...
Cryar, R. et al NLR
Jul 31, 2023
An Updated Review of the Solar PV Installation Workforce Literature
NREL literature review synthesizing research on the U.S. PV installation workforce, including job trends, skills and training needs, productivity and safety practices, and barriers to entry and advancement. The review assesses evidence on wages, job quality, and diversity and high...
Gadzanku, S. et al NLR
Mar 31, 2023
U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System and Energy Storage Cost Benchmark: Q1 2020
NREL's cost benchmark report documents installed costs for solar PV and PV-plus-storage systems as of the first quarter of 2020. It uses a bottom-up methodology that captures variation in system design, regional labor rates and soft costs. The report shows that the cost of residen...
Feldman, D. et al NLR
Dec 31, 2020
Cybersecurity in Photovoltaic Plant Operations
This paper provides practical information for PV plant operators regarding cybersecurity. Plans to integrate photovoltaic generation into utility systems requires that cybersecurity be considered in every aspect from customer data to business information to plant monitoring and co...
Walker, A. et al NLR
Feb 28, 2021
Kauai Island Utility Cooperative: The Impact of Extensive PV Penetration
This case study analyzes how extensive penetration of solar photovoltaic generation has affected the Kauai Island Utility Cooperative's distribution system. It covers impacts on voltage regulation, frequency stability, and curtailment, and describes measures the utility implemente...
Lovas, T. National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
Jun 30, 2015
Managing and Mitigating Solar PV Corrosion
This document, developed by NARUC and the National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO), advises state energy offices and public utility commissions on the role of clean energy microgrids. It discusses policy considerations, regulatory frameworks, funding mechanisms, and ...
Program, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Dec 31, 2025
Solar Photovoltaic Hardening for Resilience – Wildfire
This content explores the regions in the United States facing the highest wildfire risks and provides an overview of the diverse strategies available to photovoltaic (PV) system professionals, including designers, installers, owners, and operators, to effectively manage this risk....
Program, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Mar 30, 2026
Impacts of Dispatch Strategies and Forecast Errors on the Economics of Behind-the-Meter PV-Battery Systems
To assess the economic value of batteries in hybrid PV-battery systems, one must create a dispatch profile for the battery. Many analyses of battery value assume perfect forecasts of PV generation and load, determining an upper limit on the value of the battery. Prior work that ac...
Mirletz, B. and Laws, N. NLR
Dec 31, 2022
Roadmap for Photovoltaic Cyber Security
Cyber-secure, resilient energy is paramount to the prosperity of the United States. As the experience and sophistication of cyber adversaries grow, so too must the US power system’s defenses, situational awareness, and response and recovery strategies. Traditionally, power syste...
Johnson, J. Sandia National Laboratories
Nov 30, 2017
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