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Distribution System Infographic
Produced by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, this infographic visually explains the major components of an electric distribution system from substations and feeder lines to transformers, switches, and customer meters. It shows how electricity is routed from the transmission ...
Initiative, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Dec 31, 2025
Geothermal Heat Pump System Technical Specifications
This FEMP document specifies technical requirements for geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems used in federal buildings. It covers system sizing, efficiency ratings, refrigerants, controls, ground loop design, installation practices, and commissioning procedures. The specifications h...
Program, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Jul 07, 2025
Technical Specifications for On-site Solar Photovoltaic Systems
This FEMP resource offers detailed technical specifications for the procurement and installation of on-site solar photovoltaic systems. It covers performance requirements, design standards, component quality, safety criteria, and integration with existing electrical infrastructure...
Program, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Dec 31, 2025
New Approaches to Distributed PV Interconnection: Implementation Considerations for Addressing Emerging Issues
This report discusses innovative approaches to distributed photovoltaic (PV) interconnection aimed at addressing emerging issues such as high penetrations, rapid interconnection requests, and evolving standards. It examines options like hosting capacity analysis, flexible intercon...
McAllister, R. et al Western Interstate Energy Board
Jan 31, 2019
Reliability Primer
This primer provides an overview of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s (FERC’s) role in overseeing the reliable operation of the nation’s bulk power system, i.e., the interconnected electric grid. In order to understand FERC’s reliability program, it is useful to f...
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Apr 22, 2020
Revision of IEEE Std 1547: Additional Topics
This TechSurveillance article is the last in a series of four articles that describe the changes proposed for IEEE 1547, provide the rationale for these changes, and describe how they will affect the planning, design, protection, and operation of rural electric cooperative distri...
Walling, R. Walling Energy Systems Consulting, LLC
Mar 31, 2017
Roadmap for Photovoltaic Cyber Security
Cyber-secure, resilient energy is paramount to the prosperity of the United States. As the experience and sophistication of cyber adversaries grow, so too must the US power system’s defenses, situational awareness, and response and recovery strategies. Traditionally, power syste...
Johnson, J. Sandia National Laboratories
Nov 30, 2017
Circulating Current Reduction of Back-to-Back MMC with Advanced Grid-Support Functionalities for Medium-Voltage Applications
A Lyapunov energy function based circulating current reduction scheme for a back to back modular multilevel converter based system for a microgrid application has been proposed in this digest. In order to ensure no circulating or zero sequence currents within the modules, the dyn...
Roy Chowdhury, V. et al NLR
Dec 31, 2022
Grid Architecture Guidance Specification for FAST-DERMS
Defines structural views, roles, and data exchanges for a federated architecture that coordinates DER across utility and third-party systems. Provides specifications to inform procurement, integration, and standards alignment for future grid operations.
Taft, J. and Ogle, J. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Apr 01, 2021
Highlights of IEEE Standard 1547-2018 Implementation Considerations
This resource summarizes key implementation considerations for IEEE Std 1547-2018. It highlights technical requirements such as voltage and frequency ride-through, power quality, communications, interoperability, and testing. The document provides guidance on how utilities, manu...
Narang, D. NLR
Aug 25, 2021
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