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Prevention of Unintentional Islands in Power Systems with Distributed Resources
This resource examines the phenomenon of unintentional islanding when a portion of the grid continues to be energized by distributed energy resources during a larger outage. It describes potential risks to safety and equipment, reviews existing standards and detection methods, and...
Kroposki, B. NLR
Aug 23, 2016
Background Information on the Protection Requirements in IEEE Std 1547-2018
This resource offers explanatory background on the protection requirements outlined in IEEE Std 1547-2018, the standard governing interconnection of distributed energy resources (DER). It discusses the rationale behind protective device settings, fault detection, anti-islanding re...
Mahmud, R. and Ingram, M. NLR
Dec 31, 2021
Clause-by-Clause Summary of Requirements in IEEE Std 1547-2018
This summary document distills the key requirements of the IEEE Std 1547-2018, the standard that defines the interconnection and interoperability criteria for distributed energy resources with electric power systems. Organized by clause, it outlines technical specifications relate...
Narang, D. et al NLR
Feb 29, 2020
An Overview of Issues Related to IEEE Std 1547-2018 Requirements Regarding Voltage and Reactive Power Control
This overview discusses the voltage and reactive power control provisions of IEEE Std 1547-2018 and highlights implementation challenges for distributed energy resource interconnections. It covers topics such as voltvar control curves, ride through capabilities, coordination with ...
Narang, D. et al NLR
Aug 31, 2021
Roadmap for Distributed Energy Resource Cyber Security
The Roadmap for Distributed Energy Resource Cyber Security presents a strategic plan for enhancing cybersecurity across the DER ecosystem. Developed by researchers and industry stakeholders, the roadmap identifies key risks associated with DER integration, outlines technical and o...
Johnson, J. Sandia National Laboratories
Dec 31, 2017
Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop Interfaces for Inverter-Based Microgrid Experiments Including Transitions
Microgrids continue to proliferate, particularly those that rely on inverter-based resources as the microgrid's voltage and frequency leader. Hardware-in-the-loop simulations can de-risk microgrid deployments, and therefore we need power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) interfaces for ...
Pratt, A. et al NLR
Dec 31, 2022
NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 4.0
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed this framework and roadmap to coordinate the development of interoperable standards for the smart grid. Release 4.0 updates previous editions by identifying key standards, gaps, and priorities across domains such ...
Gopstein, A. et al U.S. Department of Commerce
Jan 31, 2021
An Overview of Behind-The-Meter Solar-Plus-Storage Regulatory Design: Approaches and Case Studies to Inform International Applications
This NREL overview examines regulatory designs for behind-the-meter solar-plus-storage installations, focusing on how policies, incentives, and market structures influence deployment. It summarizes approaches used in several jurisdictions, analyzes tariff structures, net metering ...
Zinaman, O. et al NLR
Feb 29, 2020
Generic Microgrid Controller Specifications
Developed by the Advanced Power and Energy Program for the U.S. Department of Energy, this document provides generic specifications for microgrid controllers. It delineates required and optional functions across four modes of operation: grid-connected, islanded, transition, and su...
Razeghi, G. et al U.S. Department of Energy
Sep 30, 2016
Distribution System Infographic
Produced by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, this infographic visually explains the major components of an electric distribution system from substations and feeder lines to transformers, switches, and customer meters. It shows how electricity is routed from the transmission ...
Initiative, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Dec 31, 2025
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