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Hail Damage Mitigation for Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Developed by the U.S. Army and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the AMPeRRe computational model forecasts performance, reliability, and resilience outcomes for installation power grids and microgrids. The model incorporates factors such as generation mix, load characteristics, outage...
Program, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Dec 31, 2025
Technical Specifications for On-site Solar Photovoltaic Systems
This FEMP resource offers detailed technical specifications for the procurement and installation of on-site solar photovoltaic systems. It covers performance requirements, design standards, component quality, safety criteria, and integration with existing electrical infrastructure...
Program, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Dec 31, 2025
NREL's PVWatts Calculator
PVWatts is an easy to use calculator from NREL that estimates the annual energy output and levelized cost of electricity for a grid connected photovoltaic system based on system size, location, array tilt, and basic performance assumptions. It uses National Solar Radiation Databas...
NLR
Dec 31, 2024
System Advisor Model (SAM) General Description (Version 2017.9.5)
This document provides a general description of the System Advisor Model (SAM) version 2017.9.5. It explains the software's purpose as a free techno-economic modeling tool for evaluating renewable energy projects, including photovoltaic, wind, concentrating solar, geothermal, and ...
Keith, J. et al NLR
May 01, 2018
A Mixed Integer Linear Programming Approach for Optimal DER Portfolio, Sizing, and Placement in Multi-Energy Microgrids
Optimal microgrid design is a challenging problem, especially for multi-energy microgrids with electricity, heating, and cooling loads as well as sources, and multiple energy carriers. To address this problem, this paper presents an optimization model formulated as a mixed-integer...
Mashayekh, S. et al Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Jan 31, 2017
Distributed Energy Resources Rate Design and Compensation
This manual from the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) discusses how electric rate structures affect the adoption and operation of distributed energy resources (DER). It explores compensation mechanisms such as net metering, time-of-use rates, demand...
Design, R. National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners
Oct 31, 2016
A Primer on the Unintentional Islanding Protection Requirement in IEEE Std 1547-2018
This primer provides an accessible explanation of the unintentional islanding protection provisions in IEEE Std 1547-2018. It describes why preventing unintentional islanding is critical, outlines testing and detection methods, and clarifies performance requirements for distribute...
Narang, D. et al NLR
Mar 31, 2022
Technical Specifications for On-Site Wind Turbine Installations
This Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) publication provides technical specifications for federal agencies planning on-site wind turbine installations. The document outlines requirements for equipment performance, site assessment, design and engineering, installation procedu...
Program, M. U.S. Department of Energy
Oct 09, 2022
Small Reactors in Microgrids Technical Studies Guidance
Guidance report from INL and partners describing use cases, modeling workflows, and technoeconomic inputs for assessing small-reactor-anchored microgrids. The document details data requirements, performance metrics, and risk considerations, with example configurations combining re...
Mar 30, 2026
Clean Energy Microgrids: Considerations for State Energy Offices and Public Utility Commissions to Increase Resilience, Reduce Emissions, and Improve Affordability
This FEMP guide outlines techniques to mitigate hail damage to solar PV installations. It covers risk assessment, module selection with hail-resistant ratings, array tilt considerations, mounting structures, protective covers, and insurance considerations. The resource aims to hel...
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners and National Association of State Energy Officials
Apr 30, 2023
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